O/A Level Physcs

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Superposition Principle of Superposition:  When two or more waves of the same type meet at a point, the resultant  displacement  of the waves is equal to the  vector sum  of their individual displacements at that point. Stretched String A horizontal rope with one end fixed and another attached to a vertical oscillator. Stationary waves will be produced by the direct and reflected waves in the string. Or we can have the string stopped at one end with a pulley as shown below. Microwaves A microwave emitter placed a distance away from a metal plate that reflects the emitted wave. By moving a detector along the path of the wave, the nodes and antinodes could be detected. Air column A tuning fork held at the mouth of a open tube projects a sound wave into the column of air in the tube. The length of the tube can be changed by varying the water level. At certain lengths of the tube, the air column resonates with the tuning fork. This is due to the formation o

Wave Motion Displacement (y):  Position of an oscillating particle from its equilibrium position. Amplitude (y 0  or A):  The maximum magnitude of the displacement of an oscillating particle from its equilibrium position. Period (T):  Time taken for a particle to undergo one complete cycle of oscillation. Frequency (f):  Number of oscillations performed by a particle per unit time. Wavelength (λ):  For a progressive wave, it is the distance between any two  successive  particles that are  in phase , e.g. it is the distance between 2 consecutive crests or 2 troughs. Wave speed (v):  The speed at which the  waveform  travels in the direction of the propagation of the wave. Wave front:  A line or surface joining points which are at the same state of oscillation, i.e. in phase, e.g. a line joining crest to crest in a wave. Ray:  The path taken by the wave. This is used to indicate the direction of wave propagation. Rays are always at right angles to the wave fronts (i.e.

Nuclear Physics Experimental evidence for a small charged nucleus in an atom: Results of an experiment where a beam of alpha particles is fired at a thin gold foil, where n= no of alpha particles incident per unit time. Most  of the α-particles passed through the metal foil were deflected by  very small angles . A  very small proportion  was deflected by more than 90°,  some of these approaching 180° From these 2 observations it can be deduced that: the nucleus occupies only a  small proportion  of the available space (ie the atom is mostly  empty  space) & that it is positively charged since the positively-charged alpha particles are repelled/deflected. Nucleon:  A particle within the nucleus; can be either a proton or a neutron Nuclide:  An atom with a  particular number of protons and a particular number of neutrons Proton number Z   {old name: atomic number} : No. of protons in an atom Nucleon number N   {mass number} : Sum of number of protons and neut